This paper investigates the quantitative Effects of the ECO TRADE agreement (ECOTA) on TRADE development of Iran using the ECO countries data. To this end, the amount of tariff reductions affecting Iran's TRADE (exports and imports) within region is calculated and analyzed.The results indicate that the agreement has contributed to an expansion in Iran's Exports in the ECOTA framework. The implementation of tariff reductions will increase Iran's exports to only Pakistan about 1.27 million of U.S. dollar in 2008 relative to its tariff in the base year (2003), while ECO members' imports from Iran win not be substituted by imports from other regions. However, the implementation of tariff reductions in the ECOTA framework will also increase iran's imports from ECO countries 8.99 millions of U.S. dollar. Since Iran's imports substitution price elasticity from the ECO countries is near to zero, despite of discriminatory tariff reductions, Iran will not substitute its imports originating from ECO by importing from other countries. Indeed, an 18.2percent tariff reductions will increase total imports of lran from ECO countries 1.6 percent.

DISPERSIONof monopoly power between industries, regardless of the monopoly power of each industry can lead to inefficient allocation of resources and one of the known strategies to reduce monopoly power and its DISPERSION is the expansion of TRADE. Therefore, it is very important to study the impact of TRADE on monopoly power and monopoly power DISPERSION. The impact of TRADE on the DISPERSION of monopoly power is evaluated in the form of a data panel model. This model considers the DISPERSION of industrial monopoly power as a function of the DISPERSION of the degree of openness of the economy( Ratio of TRADE to production), the DISPERSION of total factor productivity and the tariff rate. Also, data have been provided by the survey on Manufacturing establishments with 10 and More Workers of Iran’ s Statistics Center and Islamic Republic of Iran Customs for the period 1995 to 2013. Findings: TRADE has an indirect relationship with the DISPERSION of market power which in turn improves the allocation of resources and thus increases the productivity of factors of production. Therefore, policies that increase TRADE volume reduce the DISPERSION of industry monopoly power. Increasing productivity also reduces the DISPERSION of industry monopolies. Finally, the tariff rate does not have a significant and direct effect on the DISPERSION of market power.

Aim: Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz. Material & method: For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTRADE algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution. Finding: Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTRADE, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTRADE, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process. Conclusion: As a result, T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. Innovation: Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

Introduction: Sudden cardiac death is common in patients on hemodialysis and may occur in the immediate post dialysis period when ventricular premature complexes are common. QT DISPERSION reflecting hetovogelity in ventricle repolarization has been used for predicting patients with risk of malignant arrhythmia and sudden death. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of hemodialysis on QT DISPERSION (QTd) corrected QT DISPERSION (QTcd) and maximum QTc (QTcMax) in chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods: In this deh1ive-analytic study data of 48 patients (30 male and 18 female patients with mean age 43±16 yr) on chronic hemodialysis were studied. 12 lead ECG were recorded 5-10 minutes before and after hemodialysis in a standard setting and Na+ K+ Ca++ Po4 and Mg++ levels were also determined pre and post hemodialysis. During hemodialysis no drug therapy was used except isotonic and hypertonic NaCl infusions and sodium heparin. The maintenance drug therapy including digitalis antihypertensive antianginal and beta blocking agents was not changed. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The maximal QTd interval changed significantly from 434±12.8 ms to 443±21.33 ms (P<0.001). The QTd increased significantly from 55.87±7.5 ms to 61.27±9.09 ms (p<0.001) and QTcd from 61.18±43 ms to 68.79±10.32 ms (p<0.001). 33.33% of the patients before and 47.90% after hemodialysis had QTcMax more than 440 ms.Conclusion: Hemodialysis incrases the QTd, QTcd and QTcMax in patients with end-stage renal failure, Tuse it is likely that heterogeneity of regional ventricular repolarization increases during hemodialysis.

Background: Nocturnal hypoxia is an important factor increasing the risk of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and is associated with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. QT DISPERSION, an index of myocardial electrical activity, is used as a prognostic tool in determining future malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In the current study we investigated the effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy (NOT) on QTd in patients with CHF.Materials and methods: In this clinical study 54 patients with CHF (EF≤40%) were enrolled. Patients were administered NOT; electrocardiography was taken before and after NOT and QTd measured each time. Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-NOT QTd.Results: QTd significantly decreased from 56.3±18.2 msec before NOT to 46.3±17 msec after NOT (p=0.001).Conclusion: In this study NOT decreased QTd in patients with CHF which could consequently decrease risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the mechanisms by which NOT decreases QTd is not clear and requires further investigation.

The stated basic goal of regional TRADE organizations (agreements) is reducing tariff barriers and improving welfare at the regional level. But there are serious questions regarding the effect of these agrreements on TRADE in member versus non-member countries If the agreement yields positive TRADE effect in member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE creation". If this positive effect comes at the expense of negative effect on non-member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE diversion”. TRADE creation is welfare improving, while TRADE diversion is welfare reducing. This paper is an attempt to measure the extent of TRADE diversion and TRADE creation in three Asian organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and ASEAN. The model used is an extended version of the relatively well known gravity model and a total of 26 member countries were considered for data completion purposes over the time span of 2002-2006. The findings reveal an incidence of TRADE diversion in all three cases, implying that TRADE agreements are welfare reducing. JEL Classification: F51, L42.